Trade and Development Law
Hamid Gharavi
Abstract
When Britain announced in 1968 its withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, Iran reiterated its historical claim to sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. This article contains the first ever analyses of thousand pages of declassified secret UK archives from 1968-71 and how the UK, the Shah of Iran and ...
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When Britain announced in 1968 its withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, Iran reiterated its historical claim to sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. This article contains the first ever analyses of thousand pages of declassified secret UK archives from 1968-71 and how the UK, the Shah of Iran and the local Sunni governance of Bahrain agreed on a staged procedure and outcome, under the auspices of the UN Secretary General: This was for the Shah of Iran to save face and to persuade via this undue scheme the Parliament of Iran and the UN Security Council to give its consent to the renunciation of Iran’s claims and to Bahrain’s independence under the Sunni as opposed to Shia governance. The matter may lead to Iranian claims before UN and ICJ, as the Maurius has successfully done during last year over the Chagos Archipelago, or during ongoing negotiations with Gulf powers.
Environmental Law
Abbas Poorhashemi; Sahar Zarei
Abstract
Environmental protection is confronted by many political, economic, and social problems. In the case regarding Whaling in the Antarctic, (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand Intervening) in March 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decided that the Japanese whaling programme in the Antarctic (JARPA ...
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Environmental protection is confronted by many political, economic, and social problems. In the case regarding Whaling in the Antarctic, (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand Intervening) in March 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decided that the Japanese whaling programme in the Antarctic (JARPA II, in force since 2005) did not consider as a “scientific research objectives.” In this perspective, the Court concluded that the catching, taking and killing of whales under this programme did not qualify as an exemption provided in the Article VIII of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (1964), which authorizes the contracting parties the capture of whales for scientific research purposes. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the ICJ’s judgment in this case and to demonstrate the opportunities and challenges of this judgment in the progressive development of international environmental law.