Daniel Freire e Almeida
Abstract
This working paper is divided into three sections that provide the relevant knowledge and innovative arguments of the internal organization of the International Tribunal for the Internet. It is significant noted that the innovative proposal is a result of the challenges that international law has been ...
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This working paper is divided into three sections that provide the relevant knowledge and innovative arguments of the internal organization of the International Tribunal for the Internet. It is significant noted that the innovative proposal is a result of the challenges that international law has been suffering from the new digital dimensions provided by the Internet and Electronic Commerce, including a General Assembly, the General Secretariat, the Judge’s Chamber, the Chamber of Prosecutors, the International Association of Lawyers, and the Diplomats of the Tribunal. This article in fact has as its main objective to present the organizational structure formulated by the author to create an International Tribunal for the Internet. All therefore to be established due to the challenges that the jurisdictions of the national and regional spaces confront to apply their judicial decisions and laws in the international dimension of the Internet.
Environmental Law
Sahar Zarei; Negin Mosavi Madani
Abstract
Environmental protection and sustainable development are the most important issues which show typically interdependence between cultural, economic, political, social and environmental aspects at the national, regional and global dimensions. International cooperation for environmental protection and sustainable ...
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Environmental protection and sustainable development are the most important issues which show typically interdependence between cultural, economic, political, social and environmental aspects at the national, regional and global dimensions. International cooperation for environmental protection and sustainable development is one of the pillars of the second half of the 20st and 21st centuries. It is important to note that international environmental cooperation involves many issues in global and regional dimensions. In addition, this cooperation in environmental protection takes two forms in Institutional and Non institutional cooperation. For this purpose, this research aims to analyze the international cooperation for environmental protection in the multidisciplinary approach in two principal parts: Global & Regional cooperation and Institutional & Non institutional cooperation. The paper also examines the legal basis of international environmental protection. Finally, this study has found that institutionalization of international cooperation is a key of the implementation of international environmental law.
Business Law
Łukasz Żarnowiec
Abstract
Despite the over 30-year period of validity, rich jurisprudence and numerous studies devoted to it, the application of the provisions of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods still causes numerous problems for courts and participants in international trade. Especially ...
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Despite the over 30-year period of validity, rich jurisprudence and numerous studies devoted to it, the application of the provisions of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods still causes numerous problems for courts and participants in international trade. Especially controversial are issues relating to the scope of the Vienna Uniform Sales Law, including in particular: the question of its application to the sale of digital content, the assessment of the validity of the contract in regard to the content, the interpretation of contractual provisions which do not directly constitute the matter of a sale, or the identification of the parties to the contract. The Judgment of the Dutch Court, Rechtbank Midden-Nederland of March 25, 2015, issued in a dispute between a Canadian computer software vendor and its Dutch users, provides an opportunity to take a closer look at these issues. The main issues this study tries to address are the application of the Vienna Convention to the provision of digital content made available via the Internet, as well as the interpretation of contractual provisions not directly constituting the matter of a sale but related to it. Another examined issue is the law applicable to the identification of the parties and to the validity of the contract with regard to its content. The research is based on the interpretation and critical analysis of the available literature and jurisprudence, with particular emphasis on the Judgment passed by Rechtbank Midden-Nederland on March 25, 2015.
European Law
Kristina Gogić
Abstract
The digitalization of justice and digitalization, in general, is a priority of the European Union (EU) for the digital age. When the pandemic of coronavirus started, the cross-border court procedures were in paper format and hearings were held in person. COVID-19 brought changes faster because it wasn't ...
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The digitalization of justice and digitalization, in general, is a priority of the European Union (EU) for the digital age. When the pandemic of coronavirus started, the cross-border court procedures were in paper format and hearings were held in person. COVID-19 brought changes faster because it wasn't possible to continue the cross-border court procedures that way, during the strong waves of the pandemic, because of the health protection measures. So, the procedures started digitally in some European Union (EU) countries. Every government in the EU and worldwide had to act quickly and bring new court procedures and regulations. Then, courts and the Member States (MS) Bars had/have to implement these regulations in their rules. As it is known, attorneys at law represent clients in court. So many things had to be set to have a cross-border digital hearing.
Trade and Development Law
Sreenivasulu N S
Abstract
The book attempts to present the law relating to biotechnology regulation at international, regional and national levels. The various legal issues pertinent to biotechnology including but not limited to policy issues, intellectual property issues, trade related aspects of biotechnology, environmental ...
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The book attempts to present the law relating to biotechnology regulation at international, regional and national levels. The various legal issues pertinent to biotechnology including but not limited to policy issues, intellectual property issues, trade related aspects of biotechnology, environmental concerns of biotechnology, biodiversity matters of biotechnology, human rights concerns in biotechnology have been debated with the help of various international documents and judicial decisions made by the international legal institutions and as well judicial bodies in the select regions such as USA, UK, Europe and India. At the out set the book attempts to present and analyze the law relating to biotechnology in a lucid way while analyzing the historical, colonial, 20th century and as well contemporary developments in this regard. At the moment there is no book which is similar to the current one analyzing most of the touching issues of law and policy on biotechnology.
Jonathan Aremu
Abstract
Though being a member of WTO since its inception in 1995, Nigeria is in addition faced with three economic integration arrangements, that is: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)-Common Trade Policy (CTP); economic partnership agreement (EPA) with European Union (EU); and African Economic ...
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Though being a member of WTO since its inception in 1995, Nigeria is in addition faced with three economic integration arrangements, that is: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)-Common Trade Policy (CTP); economic partnership agreement (EPA) with European Union (EU); and African Economic Community (AEC) with African Union (AU) Members, under its first phase known as African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). At the conclusion of each of the three main economic integration the country was involved in, Nigeria came up with excuses that she needed additional consultations despite being part of the various processes leading to such conclusion. Without a national trade policy to guide her decision in the process and sequence of negotiation in these three economic integration agreements, Africa’s biggest economy is in a quandary situation of what to do next. This paper attempts examining these issues with a view of offering possible solution.
Environmental Law
Alois Aldridge Mugadza
Abstract
Deforestation and forest degradation have many disastrous effects which threatened human life and other species. The main effects of deforestation and forest degradation are desertification, biodiversity loss and climate change. However, the Bonn Challenge if fully realized can reduce some of these effects ...
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Deforestation and forest degradation have many disastrous effects which threatened human life and other species. The main effects of deforestation and forest degradation are desertification, biodiversity loss and climate change. However, the Bonn Challenge if fully realized can reduce some of these effects by reforestation and afforestation. Forest governance will need to be strengthened by recognizing human rights and building synergies. Since there is no international instrument for forest protection, forest governance will play a huge part in reducing deforestation and forest degradation. Human pressures on earth are causing an increase in species extinction, estimated to be more than before the industrial revolution. There are various consequences to deforestation and forest degradation, including that of life change globally. The most overt impact of deforestation is desertification, climate change and biodiversity loss. It must be noted that when these impacts of deforestation take effect, life on earth will eventually change.
Zahra Amouzadrad
Abstract
One of the issues that have been raised in civil liability law from the past is the injured person's act and his fault in causing damage to himself and its impact on civil liability lawsuits. The problem is that whenever the injured person has committed a fault in the damage on himself. Although his ...
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One of the issues that have been raised in civil liability law from the past is the injured person's act and his fault in causing damage to himself and its impact on civil liability lawsuits. The problem is that whenever the injured person has committed a fault in the damage on himself. Although his responsibility is effective or has a role in the damage, in the law of Iran and France, it doesn't cause the injured person to be completely deprived of compensation and doesn't cause the irresponsibility of the perpetrator damage. Still, it also reduces the liability of the perpetrator of the harmful act. In Iranian law, the perpetrator of the harmful act and the injured person share equally in the occurrence of damages. Still, in French law, the extent of the impact of each cause on the occurrence of injuries is the Criterion. This issue is more advanced in Iranian law than in French law due to the rule of action; because the division of liability was accepted from the beginning. Therefore, in this dissertation, by referring to authoritative books and articles in this field, the subject has been studied by analytical and descriptive library methods.
Environmental Law
Sobhan Tayebi; Zeinab Mazinanian
Abstract
Today, different groups of activists have failed to improve the climate regime. Climate change and global warming are regarded as two factors, which play a significant role in threatening human security since food shortages, water scarcity, environmental degradation, poverty, disease outbreaks, and mass ...
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Today, different groups of activists have failed to improve the climate regime. Climate change and global warming are regarded as two factors, which play a significant role in threatening human security since food shortages, water scarcity, environmental degradation, poverty, disease outbreaks, and mass migration can separately lead to national security, which will undermine and contribute to the failed government scenario. In the domestic and global arena, the security of the modern government becomes meaningful with respect to superior power, and the society is considered insecure even if it faces with a lack of threats. In the modern national security discourse, we see an increase in security software, in addition to its hardware. The present study aimed to provide an analysis of the environmental impacts of climate change on national security in the context of international environmental law through a cross-disciplinary approach to international law and geopolitics.
Kristina Gogić
Abstract
European Fund for Strategic Investment (EFSI), (a regulation entered into force in 2015.) is one of the three pillars of the Investment Plan for Europe and it is the central pillar. It aims to tackle the lack of confidence and investment which resulted from the economic and financial crisis during which ...
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European Fund for Strategic Investment (EFSI), (a regulation entered into force in 2015.) is one of the three pillars of the Investment Plan for Europe and it is the central pillar. It aims to tackle the lack of confidence and investment which resulted from the economic and financial crisis during which the level of investements dropped of by about 15%. The Investment Plan for Europe, has three objectives: to remove obstacles to investment; to provide visibility and technical assistance to investment projects and to make smarter use of financial resources. The EFSI is an EU-budget guarantee providing the EIB Group with a first loss protection. European Court of Auditors (ECA) made in 2019. a special report on the actual situation regarding investments project financed through the EFSI, for the period July 2015.-2018. ECA concluded that EFSI has been effective in raising finance to support substantial additional investment in European Union.
Human Rights
Sreenivasulu N S
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented scene and situation across the globe in terms of the health of people at large. Hitherto unknown, unheard and unprecedented health emergency it has created which was never foreseen and anticipated by any wild stretch of the imagination by anyone. It ...
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The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented scene and situation across the globe in terms of the health of people at large. Hitherto unknown, unheard and unprecedented health emergency it has created which was never foreseen and anticipated by any wild stretch of the imagination by anyone. It has called for Resolution of the World Health Assembly[1], which recognizes that the COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on the poor and the most vulnerable, with repercussions on health and development gains, in particular in low-income countries. It further calls on cooperation between multilateral organizations and other stakeholders and the World Health Organization (WHO) to identify and provide options that respect the provisions of relevant international treaties, like the TRIPS Agreement and the flexibilities within TRIPS Agreement for ensuring Public Health. It is indeed required that, as proposed in the Doha declaration, flexibilities within the TRIPS agreement be used in protecting public health at large in the COVID pandemic times. Such flexibilities could include scaling up the development, manufacturing and distribution of medicines, including the vaccines, injunctions, capsules and tablets used in treating the COVID at present. It is also required that capacities be built for transparent, equitable and timely access to quality, safe, affordable and efficacious diagnostics, therapeutics, medicines, and vaccines for the treatment of COVID. It can be ensured only by using the flexibilities under international agreements like TRIPS while promoting the innovation in pharma for finding better solutions for COVID. [1] World Health Assembly (WHA) Resolution 73.1 of 19 May 2020,
Culture and Technological Innovation
Ghasemali Sabouri; Dorna Ahmadi darani
Abstract
a world without discrimination is a requirement of peace and tranquility, and the efforts of the United Nations and its affiliated organizations, such as the committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), aim to achieve these goals.some of which have led to lawsuits in the International ...
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a world without discrimination is a requirement of peace and tranquility, and the efforts of the United Nations and its affiliated organizations, such as the committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), aim to achieve these goals.some of which have led to lawsuits in the International Court of Justice and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. However, there are essential points, such as the correct definition of racial discrimination and its various forms. In this paper, the concept of racial discrimination in international documents and conventions has been explained. Then the case of Qatar against the UAE on the subject of racial discrimination is investigated in the position of the International Court of Justice and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Finally, By presenting the proceedings in the International Court of Justice and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
Yalda Khalatbari; Abbas Poorhashemi
Abstract
The consensus of the concept of “environmental damage” by the international community is crucial to address the issues concerning liability and responsibility of states in international environmental law. Moreover, compensation of environmental damage is very difficult to achieve in international ...
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The consensus of the concept of “environmental damage” by the international community is crucial to address the issues concerning liability and responsibility of states in international environmental law. Moreover, compensation of environmental damage is very difficult to achieve in international environmental law. "Compensation" is reparation applying for loss or damage as a result of acts or omissions that are subjects of international law and the effect of natural disasters on the people, property and the environment. The complexity of human-caused environmental damage, the limit of prevention and compensation of damage in the national, regional and global context are the main limit of the development of international law.. The initial aim of this paper is to examine the evolution of the concept of “environmental damage” in international environmental law, and secondly, to determine the challenges of this concept in international environmental law.
Kudakwashe Zvikomborero Mapako
Abstract
International humanitarian law is a body of rules that regulate means and methods of warfare in an armed conflict in order to mitigate if not avoid lose of civilian lives and for those who are no longer taking direct part in hostilities. A non-international armed conflict involves armed confrontation ...
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International humanitarian law is a body of rules that regulate means and methods of warfare in an armed conflict in order to mitigate if not avoid lose of civilian lives and for those who are no longer taking direct part in hostilities. A non-international armed conflict involves armed confrontation between a state and belligerent groups, insurgent groups, armed militias or armed groups or armed confrontation between armed groups within a state. This paper attempts to examine the effectiveness of International humanitarian law in non international armed conflict. It also delves into the refinement and interpretation of International Humanitarian Law in non international armed conflict by paying attention to the International Humanitarian law mechanism and developments as far as non international armed conflict is concerned.This paper also pays attention to the transition of armed groups means of engagement vis-a-vis application of international humanitarian law jurisprudence.
Trade and Development Law
Yasmin Salama
Abstract
Over the past decades, transnational corporations have come under increasing public scrutiny for their involvement in human rights abuses, particularly in developing countries. One may think of violent acts against local communities, slave labor, and grand-scale environmental pollution. International ...
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Over the past decades, transnational corporations have come under increasing public scrutiny for their involvement in human rights abuses, particularly in developing countries. One may think of violent acts against local communities, slave labor, and grand-scale environmental pollution. International investment law protects and safeguards the rights of foreign investors but falls short of holding them accountable to societies where they operate. A few arbitral tribunals have grappled with the question of whether corporations could be held accountable for illegalities that constitute human rights violations inflicted upon the host state and its people. Arbitral case law suggests that the outcome of the case as to whether host states ought to be compensated for such violations varies based on how the illegal conduct is framed and the source of the liability-creating rules alleged to have been breached. This article discusses the arbitral treatment of corporate human rights violations by investment tribunals (Incomplete)..
Trade and Development Law
Hamid Gharavi
Abstract
When Britain announced in 1968 its withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, Iran reiterated its historical claim to sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. This article contains the first ever analyses of thousand pages of declassified secret UK archives from 1968-71 and how the UK, the Shah of Iran and ...
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When Britain announced in 1968 its withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, Iran reiterated its historical claim to sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. This article contains the first ever analyses of thousand pages of declassified secret UK archives from 1968-71 and how the UK, the Shah of Iran and the local Sunni governance of Bahrain agreed on a staged procedure and outcome, under the auspices of the UN Secretary General: This was for the Shah of Iran to save face and to persuade via this undue scheme the Parliament of Iran and the UN Security Council to give its consent to the renunciation of Iran’s claims and to Bahrain’s independence under the Sunni as opposed to Shia governance. The matter may lead to Iranian claims before UN and ICJ, as the Maurius has successfully done during last year over the Chagos Archipelago, or during ongoing negotiations with Gulf powers.
Elahe Pourkarimi; yousef Hojjat
Abstract
The global green economy mechanism is considered in some international environmental documents to achieve sustainable development. Promoting environmental-friendly technologies, protecting natural capital, improving employment and reducing poverty, along with expanding investment and technology, are ...
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The global green economy mechanism is considered in some international environmental documents to achieve sustainable development. Promoting environmental-friendly technologies, protecting natural capital, improving employment and reducing poverty, along with expanding investment and technology, are based on green economy policies. Green taxation is one of the tools of the green economy policy for the deployment of sustainable technologies. This research is based on the analysis of law and environmental documents with the green economy approach. From the most important green tax strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) has been identified in this paper, deployment of environmentally friendly technologies, the possibility of reducing production, the cost of non-environmentally-friendly goods and create economic incentives to businesses with less pollution, Undesirable effects on highly dependent energy entities and increase the scope of rents and administrative corruption for tax evasion. Ultimately, policies such as labeling and other methods of engaging in public participation are presented.
Environmental Law
Abbas Poorhashemi
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the challenges and opportunities for the development of international environmental law. This article is a brief description of "international environmental law" as a new branch of public international law. Further, it attempts to provide some knowledge ...
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The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the challenges and opportunities for the development of international environmental law. This article is a brief description of "international environmental law" as a new branch of public international law. Further, it attempts to provide some knowledge on the sources and principles of international environmental law. The environmental problems in the contemporary world are amongst the most urgent that requires an immediate collective response from the states. Since the environment is a transboundary issue, a single country's effort is not enough, but all countries have to collaborate. In this regard, the solution may be twofold: either work together on having an international instrument or at least give similar concern to environmental problems in domestic environmental law. As we all are living together on this planet, the best way is, yet, working together on implementing international environmental law.
Jabeur Fathally
Abstract
La littérature juridique musulmane classique foisonne d’interprétations légitimant l’esclavage mais, pour nous, ces interprétations ne sont que les fruits des considérations politiques, économiques et même théologiques de leurs époques. ...
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La littérature juridique musulmane classique foisonne d’interprétations légitimant l’esclavage mais, pour nous, ces interprétations ne sont que les fruits des considérations politiques, économiques et même théologiques de leurs époques. L’évolution des sociétés musulmane a, par conséquent, rendu – comme le souligne Wael B.Hallaq, obsolètes toutes ces interprétations y compris celles qui prétendent que l’esclavage n’a pas été interdit par le Coran pour des raisons économiques! Pour preuve, réalisant l’inhumanité de cette pratique, les musulmans ont procédé à l’interdiction de cette pratique depuis le début du XIXème siècle, c’est-à-dire avant son interdiction par la communauté internationale. Cette interdiction n’était possible que parce qu’elle a une assise dans le texte coranique et dans la tradition prophétique. D’ailleurs, pour la doctrine juridique musulmane contemporaine, à l’exception de celle véhiculée par les groupes terroristes, l’esclavage n’est qu’une pratique sociale controversée du passée qui n’a plus de pertinence et de légitimité dans le présent.
Human Rights
Fiston Le Bref Kalombo Kandu Mwabilay
Abstract
L’esquisse de la problématique des limites au pouvoir congolais de révision constitutionnelle communément appelées « dispositions intangibles » ou « clauses pétrifiées » - “ cláusulas pétrias ...
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L’esquisse de la problématique des limites au pouvoir congolais de révision constitutionnelle communément appelées « dispositions intangibles » ou « clauses pétrifiées » - “ cláusulas pétrias ” comme dit au Brésil ou encore « clauses d’éternité » a consisté de manière pragmatique en l’analyse de la véritable nature de ce pouvoir. Puisque les articles 219 et 220 de la Constitution posent des bornes à l’exercice du pouvoir congolais de révision constitutionnelle. L’article 218 quant à lui, détermine les conditions à suivre pour réviser. Il est par la suite question de l’étude de ce qui est fondamentalement congolais dans l’élévation de certains principes au rang des principes constitutionnels intangibles. Ces principes ainsi élevés constituent-ils des véritables règles juridiques ou des clauses morales dépourvues de plus-value juridique ? Sont-ils des règles imparfaites ? Telles sont les axes de réflexion de la présente réflexion et les perspectives sans doute nombreuses qu’elle appelle.
Outi Korhonen; Johanna Friman
Abstract
Insecurity is a major plague, the eradication of which has been set as a goal. It is produced by cycles of conflict drivers including injustice, inequality, poverty, environmental degradation, water shortage, poor health, unemployment, social exclusion and other human rights problems; and, therefore, ...
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Insecurity is a major plague, the eradication of which has been set as a goal. It is produced by cycles of conflict drivers including injustice, inequality, poverty, environmental degradation, water shortage, poor health, unemployment, social exclusion and other human rights problems; and, therefore, should be prevented holistically. Despite general agreement that proactive is preferable to reactive, success is poor. This article argues that renewed trends of prevention in both soft and hard security fields are discernible as sovereignty yields to interdependence with accompanying calls for earlier and more global warning and action. Traditionally, the policies of international actors have oscillated between and periodically combined two approaches: one, repressive containment and, two, developmentalism combined with humanitarianism. The fundamental question is whether the oscillation between hard and soft prevention has contributed to the loss of faith in international security institutions, and if so, what could be done to reach beyond institutional equivocation.
Abbas Poorhashemi
Abstract
This article aims to describe and analyze the challenges and opportunities for the development of international law. It attempts to provide some knowledge regarding global issues that requires an immediate collective response from the international community. Creating a better world for present and future ...
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This article aims to describe and analyze the challenges and opportunities for the development of international law. It attempts to provide some knowledge regarding global issues that requires an immediate collective response from the international community. Creating a better world for present and future generations require measures and anticipation of future crises (environmental challenges, global warming, human rights, health issues, discriminations, demographic growth, etc.). Significant transformations are taking place in the world, and that they will require a new approach to global governance. COVID-19 pandemic had and will have profound and lasting economic, political and social consequences in every corner of the globe. However, international law as a body of law that governs relations between states, international organizations and private persons exposes its vulnerabilities. Recent developments in the international community have made awareness of international law necessary and inevitable as the fully effective law of a fully functioning global society.
Criminal Law
Shima naderi; Majid Motallebi
Abstract
The right to environment is viewed as a concept of human rights third generation in the international arena. Since the environment is recognized as a common heritage of humanity in international documents so as not to endanger the lives of present and future generations, damage to this rich heritage ...
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The right to environment is viewed as a concept of human rights third generation in the international arena. Since the environment is recognized as a common heritage of humanity in international documents so as not to endanger the lives of present and future generations, damage to this rich heritage must be prevented or reduced using explicit criminal law requirements in treaties and conventions. The study depicts the criminal protection of the right to a clean environment through library tools with a descriptive-analytical method aimed at presenting the governments’ role in international environmental conventions. Governments only have civil liability for environmental degradation. However, considering the environment as a common heritage of humanity, crimes against it are considered as crimes against humanity. On the other hand, these crimes jeopardize international peace and security; therefore, the wrongdoing government can be prosecuted under Chapter 7 of the UN Charter and convicted to paying compensation.
Bostjan M. Zupancic
Abstract
This paper is a Chapter from the author’s latest book, ON THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, Eleven Publishing, 2019. The work is an attempt at a critical understanding of the spirit of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as implemented, by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg ...
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This paper is a Chapter from the author’s latest book, ON THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, Eleven Publishing, 2019. The work is an attempt at a critical understanding of the spirit of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as implemented, by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg (ECtHR) – starting with the appointment of the “new Court” in 1998 and up to 2016. The Court, which had begun to function in 1959, has been ever since at the intersection of the two great Western legal traditions. In this perspective, “human rights” are the procedural safety valve, a conduit to the international jurisdiction supposedly capable of resolving authoritatively what could not have been resolved domestically. It is illusory to search in this context for the “essence” of human rights since here “human rights” is practically everything that could not have been properly adjudicated at the domestic level.
Environmental Law
Shadi Ghasemi; Sobhan Tayebi
Abstract
Today's generation of biosphere know it well that the requirement of life and existence is nothing but an inalienable protection of the inhabited planet and its environment that to maintain it extra efforts must be made. Although, states, through the governance and simple roles in the international arena, ...
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Today's generation of biosphere know it well that the requirement of life and existence is nothing but an inalienable protection of the inhabited planet and its environment that to maintain it extra efforts must be made. Although, states, through the governance and simple roles in the international arena, should, in compliance with the treaty system, prepare the ground for the adherence and implementation of environmental protection norms, but the role of citizens in environmental regulation as well as realization of the principles of participation and sustainable development is so vital. The question of this study is whether the bilateral interaction of environmental governance and crowdsourcing can lead to the more complete realization of environmental protection and regeneration? Nevertheless, the international community, based on the principle of necessity, should seek to investigate the dimensions of usage of crowdsourcing in resolving the environmental issues.
