Criminal Law
Damilola John Akinsanya
Abstract
The increasing reliance on technology and the volatility of cyberspace have greatly aided the prevalence of internet fraud worldwide. In Nigeria, cybercrime—particularly internet fraud—has become one of the most popular forms of deviance among young people, which continues to pose a significant ...
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The increasing reliance on technology and the volatility of cyberspace have greatly aided the prevalence of internet fraud worldwide. In Nigeria, cybercrime—particularly internet fraud—has become one of the most popular forms of deviance among young people, which continues to pose a significant challenge to law enforcement agencies. While there have been various law enforcement reforms and initiatives to combat the menace, internet fraud continues to thrive. This research article investigates the perceived conviviality of law enforcement personnel with internet fraudsters and how it has contributed to a laxity of law enforcement authorities towards internet fraud. Study findings reveal that there is indeed a laxity of law enforcement actions towards internet fraud due to a plethora of institutional and sociological factors. This study also suggests how security agencies can better approach the internet fraud menace.
European Law
Mojdeh Pour Yazdan Khah
Abstract
Women have traditionally been deprived of economic and social status and power, which in turn reduces their access to basic necessities, including health care. Despite recent developments in Western countries, women remain at a disadvantage compared to men. The gender gap in health is more acute in developing ...
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Women have traditionally been deprived of economic and social status and power, which in turn reduces their access to basic necessities, including health care. Despite recent developments in Western countries, women remain at a disadvantage compared to men. The gender gap in health is more acute in developing countries, where women are relatively disadvantaged. In addition to gender inequality, there are specific processes of the disease that are unique to women, creating particular problems in both prevention and health care. To improve women's health, we need to address reproductive health, maternal mortality, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases. Thanks to high-quality and affordable medical services covered by general health care. Achieving better women's health - from pregnancy to childhood, childhood, adolescence, and old age - requires a holistic, holistic approach and a life expectancy that goes beyond reproductive health. Women should be able to take care of their health.
Environmental Law
Meisam Norouzi; Sanaz Abolghasemi
Abstract
In contemporary parlance, the environment and its preservation have emerged as a principal focus and concern for the global populace. This phenomenon is known to escalate during times of armed conflict. Armed conflicts directly impact the environment (such as destroying natural resources or pollution ...
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In contemporary parlance, the environment and its preservation have emerged as a principal focus and concern for the global populace. This phenomenon is known to escalate during times of armed conflict. Armed conflicts directly impact the environment (such as destroying natural resources or pollution resulting from military operations). The investigation into the ecological destruction inflicted upon the natural world during the two world wars demonstrates that the emphasis on safeguarding the environment is no longer a theoretical notion but a concrete actuality encapsulated within the framework of legal doctrines. The protection of the environment encompasses a diverse array of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Criminal Law (ICL). This study scrutinized the safeguards and preservation of environmental rights in times of armed conflicts, whether domestic or international, through the lenses of ICL and IHL.
Culture and Technological Innovation
Hamidreza Monibi
Abstract
The complexities of the modern world highlight the need for new, inclusive, and effective governance models. Complex phenomena such as environmental sustainability, socio-economic challenges, and the rapid evolution of the digital domain mean that traditional governance mechanisms are often inefficient ...
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The complexities of the modern world highlight the need for new, inclusive, and effective governance models. Complex phenomena such as environmental sustainability, socio-economic challenges, and the rapid evolution of the digital domain mean that traditional governance mechanisms are often inefficient in addressing emerging issues. This is especially true in diverse societies where various stakeholders seek to be heard. Cooperative governance stands out in these cases, combining collective action with shared accountability and informed decision-making. This article examines the premises of cooperative governance as one possible mode of governance that demonstrates the flexibility and complexity required for tackling emerging global challenges. It specifically focuses on the multifaceted character of cooperatives and their potential for democratic governance. This manuscript aims to familiarize the general audience with the nuances of cooperative governance and demonstrate how this mode of governance may offer a suitable governance structure for an ever-evolving world.
Business Law
Rizowan Ahmed
Abstract
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a free trade agreement among the states of Africa. The primary goal of this agreement is to make a single market for goods and services by removing trade barriers across Africa. AfCFTA has a dispute settlement body, trades in goods and services, intellectual ...
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African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a free trade agreement among the states of Africa. The primary goal of this agreement is to make a single market for goods and services by removing trade barriers across Africa. AfCFTA has a dispute settlement body, trades in goods and services, intellectual property, investment policy, competition policy and digital trade in its different phases. These things are promising but have some legal barriers that can make the objectives fail. This paper aims to discover those legal barriers that can make a difference in this continental trade. Also, this paper will try to show the relation of African reality with the texts outlined in the agreement. In addition to these aspects, the paper aims to give solutions from the legal perspective of these problems and suggestions to improve regarding upcoming texts related to this agreement.
Business Law
Roohollah Mansouri
Abstract
Central banks, traditionally focused on sovereign financial functions, now also engage in commercial activities reflecting international banking and investment ventures. This evolution raises crucial questions about their classification under international law, particularly regarding investment treaties, ...
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Central banks, traditionally focused on sovereign financial functions, now also engage in commercial activities reflecting international banking and investment ventures. This evolution raises crucial questions about their classification under international law, particularly regarding investment treaties, which only protect public entities engaged in commercial activities. Distinguishing sovereign from commercial roles typically involves purpose and nature tests, with the latter increasingly influential in jurisprudence. A salient example of this discourse is seen in the case concerning Certain Iranian Assets before the ICJ. In 2019, the Court acknowledged that Iran's Central Bank might qualify for treaty protections if its U.S.-based operations were commercial in nature. However, while the present research suggests those operations have a commercial character, the ICJ, in a divergent 2023 decision, declined to classify the bank as eligible for treaty protections. This shift underscores the need for a consistent application of international law and further examination of its evolving discourse.
