Trade and Development Law
Tayewo Adewumi; Joseph Aremo
Abstract
On 20th December 2023, the African Development Bank resolved to withdraw all its international members of staff from Ethiopia with immediate effect. This came as a result of the recent breach of diplomatic protocol and assault by Ethiopian security forces on two of the African Development Bank’s ...
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On 20th December 2023, the African Development Bank resolved to withdraw all its international members of staff from Ethiopia with immediate effect. This came as a result of the recent breach of diplomatic protocol and assault by Ethiopian security forces on two of the African Development Bank’s international members of staff who were unlawfully arrested, assaulted, and detained for hours without any explanation. This was considered a gross violation of their diplomatic immunities, rights, and privileges under the Agreement Establishing the African Development Bank, of which Ethiopia is a signatory. This article discusses the legal implications of the breach on the relationship between the Bank and Ethiopia. The article considers the international legal instruments on diplomatic relations and observes that there is no excuse for such behaviour. The article concludes that a proper investigation should be carried out on this issue, and those found culpable should be dealt with. Security forces are to be well-informed to respect diplomatic relations.
Business Law
Roohollah Mansouri
Abstract
Central banks, traditionally focused on sovereign financial functions, now also engage in commercial activities reflecting international banking and investment ventures. This evolution raises crucial questions about their classification under international law, particularly regarding investment treaties, ...
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Central banks, traditionally focused on sovereign financial functions, now also engage in commercial activities reflecting international banking and investment ventures. This evolution raises crucial questions about their classification under international law, particularly regarding investment treaties, which only protect public entities engaged in commercial activities. Distinguishing sovereign from commercial roles typically involves purpose and nature tests, with the latter increasingly influential in jurisprudence. A salient example of this discourse is seen in the case concerning Certain Iranian Assets before the ICJ. In 2019, the Court acknowledged that Iran's Central Bank might qualify for treaty protections if its U.S.-based operations were commercial in nature. However, while the present research suggests those operations have a commercial character, the ICJ, in a divergent 2023 decision, declined to classify the bank as eligible for treaty protections. This shift underscores the need for a consistent application of international law and further examination of its evolving discourse.
Culture and Technological Innovation
Muhammad Huzaifah Naeem Sehgal; Areeba Qureshi
Abstract
This research article discusses the confluence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and international armed conflicts, focusing on the legal and ethical implications accruing from the use of such technologies in warfare. The growing militarization of AI by states has been highlighted in the article, which ...
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This research article discusses the confluence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and international armed conflicts, focusing on the legal and ethical implications accruing from the use of such technologies in warfare. The growing militarization of AI by states has been highlighted in the article, which is evident from the development of AI powered Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Present-day use and the future evolution of AI into warfare pose risks due to its unpredictability, non-transparency, and biases. This paper touches upon the employment of AI technologies in the on-going Russia-Ukraine conflict. It further delves into the importance of AI governance and its ethical usage in warfare, underscoring the rising need for a balance between humanity and military necessity. This paper also argues for the expansion of the notion of individual criminal responsibility in cases involving use of AI in warfare.
International Arbitration
Fateme Ghaeminasab
Abstract
International law provides a framework for resolving disputes between international actors, and in this research, this framework was discussed in the structure of international arbitration. International arbitration law refers to the process of resolving disputes between the main actors of international ...
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International law provides a framework for resolving disputes between international actors, and in this research, this framework was discussed in the structure of international arbitration. International arbitration law refers to the process of resolving disputes between the main actors of international law. This process is carried out in accordance with the proposal of governments, international agreements, such as the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards ("New York Convention"); But today, issues such as the use of laws, cultural problems, and concerns about the interests of judges have led to concerns about the legal methods presented. This article, with the help of analytical method and library collection of information on the procedure in international law, tried to examine and present the existing challenges and tried to provide solutions that fit the current conditions and technology.
Human Rights
Md. Sohel Rana
Abstract
The labour rights framework established by Bangladeshi national law and the pertinent ILO Convention legislation are examined in this legal analysis. This study's main research question is: How closely does Bangladeshi national law's labour rights framework adhere to the pertinent provisions ...
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The labour rights framework established by Bangladeshi national law and the pertinent ILO Convention legislation are examined in this legal analysis. This study's main research question is: How closely does Bangladeshi national law's labour rights framework adhere to the pertinent provisions of the ILO Convention, and how well are these rights actually upheld and promoted in daily life? The study uses a comparative approach to this research subject, looking at Bangladeshi labour law and the pertinent ILO Convention rules. It examines important topics such the right to organize, collective bargaining, the minimum wage, working conditions, and workplace health and safety. In addition, the study looks at Bangladesh's enforcement and redress systems for abuses of workers' rights. The results of this study can be used to inform conversations about strengthening the protection of workers' rights and promoting decent employment in Bangladesh.
Business Law
Adaelizabeth Omaira Guerrero Rodriguez
Abstract
Port Law requires a specialized study due to the different actors, regimes and contractual terms involved in the maritime business related to the dynamics of the vessel, its cargo and the modalities of exploitation of a vessel, which necessarily require rigorous distinction and must be individualized ...
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Port Law requires a specialized study due to the different actors, regimes and contractual terms involved in the maritime business related to the dynamics of the vessel, its cargo and the modalities of exploitation of a vessel, which necessarily require rigorous distinction and must be individualized considering the safety of the dock for embarking, disembarking and environmental challenges, among others. The study of port law is concerned with its institutions that are not found in other disciplines, so it should not be seen only from the perspective of the public-administrative sphere because the associated activities imply an integral knowledge of international trade. The essence of port law is interdisciplinary, considering that it brings together elements that cover the public state service and its control of the development of private commercial activities involving navigation, cargo and freight.
Culture and Technological Innovation
Ziauddin Sami Sabouri; Behnam Mehrdel
Abstract
From the beginning of the age of technology, every new idea, innovation, and invention has helped humans start a new era of economic growth. The prediction of an algorithmic revolution that can seriously challenge the global governance model is not far from expected. Here, governments should increase ...
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From the beginning of the age of technology, every new idea, innovation, and invention has helped humans start a new era of economic growth. The prediction of an algorithmic revolution that can seriously challenge the global governance model is not far from expected. Here, governments should increase their understanding of the potential impact of artificial intelligence and change their governance model in the context of the advancement of this technology. This critical issue needs to be solved in the new geopolitics and the future of technology. In this research, while examining the current and possible changes in the power factors of governments through artificial intelligence technologies, the new geopolitics of this technology is explained. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical, and library tools and electronic resources used to collect data.