Criminal Law
Delphine Defossez
Abstract
Today’s challenges scream for a different type of response. Globalization and the emergence of new transnational threats, such as terrorism, have created new realities and fundamentally changed the nature of the purpose of international law. International law can help set up a framework, but terms ...
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Today’s challenges scream for a different type of response. Globalization and the emergence of new transnational threats, such as terrorism, have created new realities and fundamentally changed the nature of the purpose of international law. International law can help set up a framework, but terms of homeland defence to make the country less vulnerable have to be set by each country. Until now, no international definition of terrorism has been produced, creating tensions between states and allowing states to enact laws against the opponents to the regime. At the same time, one of the reasons for the lack of definition at international level is that countries stick to their national vision of terrorism. This vicious circle raises the question of whether it is not time to abandon the domestic approach to international law in order to successfully define terrorism at international level.
Environmental Law
Abbas Poorhashemi; Sahar Zarei
Abstract
Environmental protection is confronted by many political, economic, and social problems. In the case regarding Whaling in the Antarctic, (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand Intervening) in March 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decided that the Japanese whaling programme in the Antarctic (JARPA ...
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Environmental protection is confronted by many political, economic, and social problems. In the case regarding Whaling in the Antarctic, (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand Intervening) in March 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decided that the Japanese whaling programme in the Antarctic (JARPA II, in force since 2005) did not consider as a “scientific research objectives.” In this perspective, the Court concluded that the catching, taking and killing of whales under this programme did not qualify as an exemption provided in the Article VIII of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (1964), which authorizes the contracting parties the capture of whales for scientific research purposes. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the ICJ’s judgment in this case and to demonstrate the opportunities and challenges of this judgment in the progressive development of international environmental law.
European Law
Simona Belcheva
Abstract
Migration is a complex demographic, geographic, social, and economic process closely related to the natural movement of the population as a result of religious, ethnic, political, military, economic, or other reasons. This process is characterized by its complex nature and the problems associated with ...
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Migration is a complex demographic, geographic, social, and economic process closely related to the natural movement of the population as a result of religious, ethnic, political, military, economic, or other reasons. This process is characterized by its complex nature and the problems associated with it are multilayered and difficult to solve. The following article covers issues related to legal and illegal residence, respectively legal and illegal migration, international protection, trafficking in human beings, highly qualified employment, human rights, and other related problems. An even bigger problem is created due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which invariably affects the migration flows and movements, as well as the emergence of new types of legal problems and difficulties. The effect of the pandemic of each problem is reviewed and observed through the prism of the pandemic, the new COVID reality, and the adopted measures in that direction.
Environmental Law
shirin shirazian; mohammad saleh Anisi; Ali Karimidouzaji
Abstract
The adverse effects of the Covid-19 on the environment became a potential source of threats to the natural environment and human life. While a short range of temporal improvements can be seen during lockdown measures, but the virus is spreading out quickly among human societies and wildlife habitats.in ...
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The adverse effects of the Covid-19 on the environment became a potential source of threats to the natural environment and human life. While a short range of temporal improvements can be seen during lockdown measures, but the virus is spreading out quickly among human societies and wildlife habitats.in this situation international environmental law plays a vital role to adjust the legal interaction between the Covid-19 pandemic and state obligations. Regarding international law instruments, all countries are liable to the transmission of the virus and they should have taken precautionary measures. however, they do not meet the same obligations in this case. According to the common but differentiated principle (CBDR) although each state has the responsibility to participate on the protection of the environment from the global crisis, developed states due to their financial resources and technological facilities deal with a wider range of responsibilities.
Environmental Law
Adane Damtew
Abstract
Contemporary, different impediments strongly challenge our planet. However, nothing can be equated with the problems encountered by the pollutions released from industries. These pollutions adversely affect the environment, health, social, and economic aspects of human beings. Countries have tried to ...
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Contemporary, different impediments strongly challenge our planet. However, nothing can be equated with the problems encountered by the pollutions released from industries. These pollutions adversely affect the environment, health, social, and economic aspects of human beings. Countries have tried to codify various international and domestic laws to oversee the problem. Besides making laws, Governments are looking for policy options. Among the options developed in the last half a century, Economic instruments (EIs) are the prominent approach. This paper aims to briefly discover vital issues of EIs with its role in protecting the environment. As the paper's findings revealed, EIs have played a pivotal role in protecting and curing the environment from hazardous waste. Thus, the paper urges the Governments to apply EIs properly in compliance with their respective situation. To achieve its objectives, the paper employed the doctrinal analysis method based on primary and secondary data sources.
Business Law
Manuchehr Tavassoli Naini
Abstract
Pour les parties privées, l’arbitrage est devenu la meilleure solution pour éviter le risque de l’immunité des Etats et éventuellement le déni de justice. Le résultat de ce recherche justifie que si dans le domaine de l’immunité de juridiction, ...
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Pour les parties privées, l’arbitrage est devenu la meilleure solution pour éviter le risque de l’immunité des Etats et éventuellement le déni de justice. Le résultat de ce recherche justifie que si dans le domaine de l’immunité de juridiction, on peut présumer qu’en adhérant à une convention d’arbitrage, l’Etat étranger a accepté la compétence de l’arbitre et reconnu par là implicitement à ne pas invoquer devant lui le bénéfice de l’immunité, ce n’est pas le cas de l’immunité d'exécution. Selon Convention des Nation Unies sur l’immunité des Etats il ne peut être procédé antérieurement au jugement à aucune mesure de contrainte contre les biens d’un État en relation avec une procédure devant un tribunal d’un autre État, excepté si et dans la mesure où l’État a expressément consenti à l’application de telles mesures dans les termes indiqués par une convention d’arbitrage ou un contrat écrit
Environmental Law
Abbas Poorhashemi
Abstract
Le droit international de l'environnement tente de protéger l'environnement mondial en fixant des règles juridiquement contraignantes (Hard Law) et non contraignantes (Soft Law). Cependant, malgré tous les efforts internationaux visant à protéger l'environnement, la ...
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Le droit international de l'environnement tente de protéger l'environnement mondial en fixant des règles juridiquement contraignantes (Hard Law) et non contraignantes (Soft Law). Cependant, malgré tous les efforts internationaux visant à protéger l'environnement, la pollution et la destruction de l'environnement continuent d'augmenter dans les nombreux domaines. En effet, les préoccupations et les menaces environnementales d'aujourd'hui ont dépassé les prévisions des experts et des scientifiques lors de la première Conférence internationale sur l'environnement à Stockholm 1972. En réalité, le changement climatique, la pollution de l'air, des eaux et des sols, la perte de la biodiversité, la déforestation et la désertification sont les principaux problèmes auxquels est confronté le monde actuel. Dans ce contexte, cette étude basée sur une approche critique veut démontrer d’une part, la capacité existante pour le développement du droit international de l'environnement et d’autre part, les obstacles juridiques confrontés pour une protection mondiale de l’environnement.