European Law
Kristina Gogić
Abstract
The digitalization of justice and digitalization, in general, is a priority of the European Union (EU) for the digital age. When the pandemic of coronavirus started, the cross-border court procedures were in paper format and hearings were held in person. COVID-19 brought changes faster because it wasn't ...
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The digitalization of justice and digitalization, in general, is a priority of the European Union (EU) for the digital age. When the pandemic of coronavirus started, the cross-border court procedures were in paper format and hearings were held in person. COVID-19 brought changes faster because it wasn't possible to continue the cross-border court procedures that way, during the strong waves of the pandemic, because of the health protection measures. So, the procedures started digitally in some European Union (EU) countries. Every government in the EU and worldwide had to act quickly and bring new court procedures and regulations. Then, courts and the Member States (MS) Bars had/have to implement these regulations in their rules. As it is known, attorneys at law represent clients in court. So many things had to be set to have a cross-border digital hearing.
Environmental Law
Alois Aldridge Mugadza
Abstract
Deforestation and forest degradation have many disastrous effects which threatened human life and other species. The main effects of deforestation and forest degradation are desertification, biodiversity loss and climate change. However, the Bonn Challenge if fully realized can reduce some of these effects ...
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Deforestation and forest degradation have many disastrous effects which threatened human life and other species. The main effects of deforestation and forest degradation are desertification, biodiversity loss and climate change. However, the Bonn Challenge if fully realized can reduce some of these effects by reforestation and afforestation. Forest governance will need to be strengthened by recognizing human rights and building synergies. Since there is no international instrument for forest protection, forest governance will play a huge part in reducing deforestation and forest degradation. Human pressures on earth are causing an increase in species extinction, estimated to be more than before the industrial revolution. There are various consequences to deforestation and forest degradation, including that of life change globally. The most overt impact of deforestation is desertification, climate change and biodiversity loss. It must be noted that when these impacts of deforestation take effect, life on earth will eventually change.
Culture and Technological Innovation
Ghasemali Sabouri; Dorna Ahmadi darani
Abstract
a world without discrimination is a requirement of peace and tranquility, and the efforts of the United Nations and its affiliated organizations, such as the committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), aim to achieve these goals.some of which have led to lawsuits in the International ...
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a world without discrimination is a requirement of peace and tranquility, and the efforts of the United Nations and its affiliated organizations, such as the committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), aim to achieve these goals.some of which have led to lawsuits in the International Court of Justice and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. However, there are essential points, such as the correct definition of racial discrimination and its various forms. In this paper, the concept of racial discrimination in international documents and conventions has been explained. Then the case of Qatar against the UAE on the subject of racial discrimination is investigated in the position of the International Court of Justice and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Finally, By presenting the proceedings in the International Court of Justice and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
Trade and Development Law
Hamid Gharavi
Abstract
When Britain announced in 1968 its withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, Iran reiterated its historical claim to sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. This article contains the first ever analyses of thousand pages of declassified secret UK archives from 1968-71 and how the UK, the Shah of Iran and ...
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When Britain announced in 1968 its withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, Iran reiterated its historical claim to sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. This article contains the first ever analyses of thousand pages of declassified secret UK archives from 1968-71 and how the UK, the Shah of Iran and the local Sunni governance of Bahrain agreed on a staged procedure and outcome, under the auspices of the UN Secretary General: This was for the Shah of Iran to save face and to persuade via this undue scheme the Parliament of Iran and the UN Security Council to give its consent to the renunciation of Iran’s claims and to Bahrain’s independence under the Sunni as opposed to Shia governance. The matter may lead to Iranian claims before UN and ICJ, as the Maurius has successfully done during last year over the Chagos Archipelago, or during ongoing negotiations with Gulf powers.
Human Rights
Fiston Le Bref Kalombo Kandu Mwabilay
Abstract
L’esquisse de la problématique des limites au pouvoir congolais de révision constitutionnelle communément appelées « dispositions intangibles » ou « clauses pétrifiées » - “ cláusulas pétrias ...
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L’esquisse de la problématique des limites au pouvoir congolais de révision constitutionnelle communément appelées « dispositions intangibles » ou « clauses pétrifiées » - “ cláusulas pétrias ” comme dit au Brésil ou encore « clauses d’éternité » a consisté de manière pragmatique en l’analyse de la véritable nature de ce pouvoir. Puisque les articles 219 et 220 de la Constitution posent des bornes à l’exercice du pouvoir congolais de révision constitutionnelle. L’article 218 quant à lui, détermine les conditions à suivre pour réviser. Il est par la suite question de l’étude de ce qui est fondamentalement congolais dans l’élévation de certains principes au rang des principes constitutionnels intangibles. Ces principes ainsi élevés constituent-ils des véritables règles juridiques ou des clauses morales dépourvues de plus-value juridique ? Sont-ils des règles imparfaites ? Telles sont les axes de réflexion de la présente réflexion et les perspectives sans doute nombreuses qu’elle appelle.
Criminal Law
Shima naderi; Majid Motallebi
Abstract
The right to environment is viewed as a concept of human rights third generation in the international arena. Since the environment is recognized as a common heritage of humanity in international documents so as not to endanger the lives of present and future generations, damage to this rich heritage ...
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The right to environment is viewed as a concept of human rights third generation in the international arena. Since the environment is recognized as a common heritage of humanity in international documents so as not to endanger the lives of present and future generations, damage to this rich heritage must be prevented or reduced using explicit criminal law requirements in treaties and conventions. The study depicts the criminal protection of the right to a clean environment through library tools with a descriptive-analytical method aimed at presenting the governments’ role in international environmental conventions. Governments only have civil liability for environmental degradation. However, considering the environment as a common heritage of humanity, crimes against it are considered as crimes against humanity. On the other hand, these crimes jeopardize international peace and security; therefore, the wrongdoing government can be prosecuted under Chapter 7 of the UN Charter and convicted to paying compensation.
Environmental Law
Shadi Ghasemi; Sobhan Tayebi
Abstract
Today's generation of biosphere know it well that the requirement of life and existence is nothing but an inalienable protection of the inhabited planet and its environment that to maintain it extra efforts must be made. Although, states, through the governance and simple roles in the international arena, ...
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Today's generation of biosphere know it well that the requirement of life and existence is nothing but an inalienable protection of the inhabited planet and its environment that to maintain it extra efforts must be made. Although, states, through the governance and simple roles in the international arena, should, in compliance with the treaty system, prepare the ground for the adherence and implementation of environmental protection norms, but the role of citizens in environmental regulation as well as realization of the principles of participation and sustainable development is so vital. The question of this study is whether the bilateral interaction of environmental governance and crowdsourcing can lead to the more complete realization of environmental protection and regeneration? Nevertheless, the international community, based on the principle of necessity, should seek to investigate the dimensions of usage of crowdsourcing in resolving the environmental issues.
